The Body as Image - an Analysis of the Postmodern...

Synopsis, Marketing and Culture The body as image - An analysis of the postmodern characteristics of tattoos in contemporary society Introduction In recent years few terms have been so widely discuss as †postmodernism† in order to define its basic principals. Despite a lack of consensus, most authorities agree that postmodernism represents some kind of reaction to, or departure from, modernism and modernity (Brown 1993). The consumer of the modern society is distinguished by being self-reflexive and rational while the characteristics of the irrational postmodern consumer are hyperreality, fragmentation, reversals of production and consumption, decentring of the subject, paradoxical juxtapositions, and loss of commitment (Firat et†¦show more content†¦The hostility towards generalizations is one of the characteristics of postmodern consumers (Brown 1993). When at work Kim believes it is important to appear clean and presentable which translated into a clothing correlation means dressed in a long-sleeved shirt, but when at private he tends to â€Å"dress-down† for instance wearing leather pants and a T-shirt with his tattoos displayed. The code mixing and switching of style between formal and informal clothes is a strategic masquerade of signs at the intersections of self, society and world (Mick et al, 2004). This could also be describes as a form of self-communication as the tattoos are placed on the body where it can be hidden. â€Å"Several of my private friends also have tattoos, so you could say that I posses two different personalities. I like that I’m free, and someone else, whenever I’m off work†. Here, the style consumption emerges as a creative process of ‘bricolage’ between cultures and differentiation from mainstream marketplace orders (Kjeldgaard 2009) and the tattoo grants members hip of a certain community (Elliot 2004) defined by the communicative discourse of the tattoo. Thus it is not enough to â€Å"purchase† the membership card, the consumer has to maintain their social identity, for the symbol to be perceived accordingly. As theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof the Disposable Worker? 35 vii viii CONTENTS 2 2 The Individual Diversity in Organizations 39 Diversity 40 Demographic Characteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities

Criminal Litigation Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2688 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Criminal litigation process This question raises issues of the criminal litigation process as well as evidential issues involved during the questioning of suspects and subsequent litigation. In the interests of proper case analysis, I have decided to deal with the parties in turn by considering the legal issues that arise in relation to each partys case. R v. Sir Joseph Priestley Sir Joseph Priestley has been convicted of indecent exposure based on evidence given by Ms. Amanda Robert. The case has been heard in a Magistrates Court by a sole magistrate. Sir Joseph Priestley now wishes to appeal against the decision of the magistrate. In advising Sir Joseph Priestley, the first issue to be touched upon is the right of appeal in decisions rendered by the magistrates courts. A decision of a magistrates court can be challenged in one of three ways: firstly, by an appeal to the Crown Court; secondly, by an appeal to the High Court by way of case stated by the magistrates for the high courts opinion, or on application to the High Court for judicial review. In this case, Sir Joseph Priestley will be advised to proceed on the basis of an appeal to the High Court by way of case stated. Most appeals by way of case stated are aimed at overturning either a summary acquittal or conviction, as in the case of Sir Joseph Priestley, a conviction. Appeals by way of ca se stated is governed by the Magistrates Court Act 1980 and section 111(1) provides that any person who was a party to any proceeding before a magistrates court or is aggrieved by the conviction of the court may question the proceeding on the ground that it is wrong in law or in excess of the courts jurisdiction. Sir Joseph Priestleys application will be made on the basis that District Judge Asquiths decision is wrong in law. The basis for such a conclusion is premised on the substantial evidential issues arising during the course of the trial. In his summing up, the District Judge alluded to three issues which deserve our attention. The first is his statement regarding the veracity of Ms Robert as a truthful witness. DJ Asquith refers to the witnesss evidence as corroborated as a result of her fragrant appearance. Such a statement is not of itself improper but it gives cause for concern when the only corroboration of the witnesss account of events is her fragrant appearanc e. In this case, the appropriate method of corroboration might have been through other witnesses who saw the offence committed or through witnesses who know the accused or the victim and can testify as to their veracity for the truth. The issue here is simple à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the victims evidence has not been tested and it is unsafe to convict Sir Joseph Priestley based on this untested evidence. Secondly, as to the issue of Sir Joseph Priestleys defence of mistaken identity, DJ Asquith suggests in his speech that the burden of proving this defence lies on the accused à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that is clearly not the case. The general rule with regards to the burden of proof in criminal cases is that the burden is on the prosecution to prove the defendants guilt beyond reasonable doubt. There is a statutory exception to the rule which is contained in section 101 of the Magistrates Court Act 1980 which basically surmises that in a summary trial where the defendant relies for a def ence on any statutory exception, exemption, provision or qualification to the statutory offence charged, the burden of proving that exception is on the defendant. In this case, Sir Joseph Priestleys defence is not an exception or provision forming part of the offence charged. It is simply a defence of mistaken identity to the offence charged and which forms part of the case that the prosecution has to prove. While Sir Joseph Priestley had the evidential burden of raising the defence, it was for the prosecution to disprove such a defence. It was clearly wrong for DJ Asquith to cast the burden of proving the mistaken identity on Sir Joseph Priestley and this clearly provides a basis upon which an appeal can be sought. Thirdly, with respect to the Judges reference to Sir Joseph Priestleys refusal to discuss the facts of the case during police interrogation, we must consider the effect of section 34 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 ( CJPOA) which deals with the defendants failure to mention facts when questioned or charged. In such a case where the defendant has been questioned and he has not responded to those questions, the tribunal of fact may draw such inferences as appear proper from the defendants refusal to mention those facts which he later seeks to rely on. However this present case must be distinguished from the classic section 34 cases such as R v Condron and R v Cowan because Sir Joseph Priestley clearly stated during interview that it was a case of mistaken identity. Assuming that it truly was a case of mistaken identity, then there would have been nothing further to discuss during interview and the judge would be wrong in drawing the inferences from Sir Joseph Priestleys interview with the police. Another point which must be discussed is the fact that despite alluding to the defence of mistaken identity during police interrogation, the police did not conduct further investigations to enquire whether anyone else on t he train might have witnessed the crime. One would imagine that travelling from Buckinghamshire everyday to Neasden, Sir Joseph Priestley would have established a travel pattern which would yield the possibility of discovering regular travel companions who might know about Sir Joseph Priestley and whether he has ever engaged in such an act. The inability of the police to yield additional evidence to support the Ms Roberts case seems to be particularly detrimental in proving the case against Sir Joseph Priestley. It would therefore seem that Sir Joseph Priestley has a good chance of overturning the conviction on appeal. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Criminal Litigation Process" essay for you Create order R v. Mr. Harry Collingwood and Mr. Fred Vaughan The facts reveal that both Fred and Harry have been convicted of the crimes of murder and conspiracy to cause explosions. They now seek to appeal against their convictions. The issue raised here is whether the conviction is safe in the light of the evidential shortcomings displayed during the criminal litigation process. The general rule with respect to appeals from the crown court is encapsulated within section 2 of the Criminal Appeals Act 1995. This section states that a person convicted on indictment may appeal on the single ground that the conviction is unsafe. In the case of R v. Chalkley, the Court considered the definition of unsafe and suggested that it was more or less a subjective question of whether there still remained a lurking doubt in the minds of people which made them wonder whether an injustice has been done. There are a number of issues which must be discussed in the light of the conclusion that the conviction appears to be unsafe. The first issue relate s to the procedure followed during the interrogation of both Fred and Harry. The facts reveal that during questioning, both parties were denied access to a solicitor. The general rule with respect to rights of suspects to legal advice is contained within section 58 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). Section 58 provides that a person who is arrested and held in custody at a police station has a right, at his request, to consult privately with a solicitor at any time. Furthermore, Article 6(3) of the ECHR requires that consultation with a legal adviser must take place out of the hearing of a third party. Fred and Harry therefore ought to have been informed of their right to see a solicitor upon arriving at the police station, and they also had the right to consult with solicitors without the presence of Inspector Lewis or any other third party. The refusal of the right to consult with a solicitor is clearly grounds for the exclusion of the evidence obtained as a result of the denial of the accuseds right. The second issue relates to the refusal by the police to allow both Fred and Harry inform a family member of their whereabouts. Under PACE, section 56(1) the suspect has the right to have a friend or family member informed of the arrest. However this right may be delayed in certain circumstances. One of such circumstances might be where the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that such friend or family member may interfere with the evidence connected with an offence, thus hampering the police investigation. It would therefore appear that in this case the police might have been justified in refusing both Fred and Harry the right to inform family members of their whereabouts. The third issue here relates to the apparent physical threats made by Inspector Lewis to both Fred and Harry and the manner and condition under which the confessions were made. The threats and the manner of eliciting the confessions can be said to am ount to oppression. Oppression is defined in section 76(8) of PACE as torture, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the use or threat of violence. In 1968, Lord MacDermott commented to the Bentham Club that: oppressive questioning is questioning which by its very nature excites hopes or fears or so affects the mind of the suspect that his will crumbles and he speaks when otherwise he would have remained silent. While PACE does not define any of the three concepts of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment, one can look to the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in The Greek Case where the commission defined inhuman treatment as such treatment as deliberately causing severe suffering, mental or physical and degrading treatment as treatment which grossly humiliates the individual before others or drives him to act against his will or conscience. Furthermore in the case if Republic of Ireland v. United Kingdom the court was concerned with certain techniques of interr ogation used upon suspects in detention which included wall standing, hooding, deprivation of sleep, food and drink. In this case, the court held that the techniques amounted to inhuman treatment because they caused physical and mental suffering and also led to acute psychiatric disturbances during interrogation. Relying on the above decisions, it can be said that the station house treatment of both Fred and Harry amounted to inhuman treatment and the nature of the questioning was clearly oppressive. In the light of this fact, the next logical question to be decided falls to be: Of what evidential value is the confession purported to have been signed by both Fred and Harry. Having determined that the confession was the product of oppressive questioning, we now turn to look at section 76 of PACE. Firstly as with all confessions made to the police, if the prosecution wishes to rely on it, they must satisfy the rule of admissibility that is in section 76(2). In this case, the Judge should have proceeded to hear issues as to the admissibility of the confession in a separate proceeding known as the voir dire, or the trial within the trial and then deciding as to whether or not the evidence ought to be allowed in. Failing to do this, the judge clearly breached the procedural rules relating to the admission of evidence and this clearly presents a ground for challenging the conviction. The next issue concerns the joint trial of Fred and Harry, where both defendants rely on different defences. What exactly do I mean? Well we need to examine what section 76(1) of PACE states. It states that a confession made by an accused is admissible against him. This shows that it is only admissible against its maker and not against any other person including a co-accused who may be named in the confession. In this case, the learned judge has not used his discretion to order separate trials, give a limiting warning to the jury or sought to edit the confession so tha t it does not implicate Harry Collingwood, whose defence is that he was not present at the time of the bombings, but was in china on vacation. Once again, such flagrant disregard for criminal procedure by Mr. Justice Jeffreys lends credible support to the conclusion that the criminal procedural system was so flawed as to render the convictions unsafe. The final issue to be touched upon relates to the unusual nature of the Judges summing up to the Jury. As it has been noted in Blackstones Criminal Practice 2008, errors resulting the judges summing up are clearly capable of rendering a conviction unsafe. It is therefore necessary to carefully dissect the summing up in this case to see where the judge erred. The first issue to be raised with the summing up is that of the burden of proof. While the Judge makes mention of the fact that the burden of proof is on the prosecution, he fails to mention the standard to which the burden must be proven. Secondly, the Judges statement s that the Jury ought to disregard Ms Lopezs testimony without any proper basis for its dismissal is clearly erroneous in the light of the fact that the law clearly states that the judge has a general duty to remind the jury of the evidence, and as part of that duty. He has got to remind them of the defence case à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ms. Lopezs alibi of Mr. Collingwood forms part of the defence case for Mr. Collingwood and the judge ought not to have made light of the fact that love is blind and can lead people to do silly things which clearly forms a bias against Ms. Lopezs testimony. Overall, the judges summing up was clearly biased and in favour of the Prosecution. The judges statement that the prosecution evidence is best corroborated by the jurys knowledge of the world is clearly erroneous and devoid of proper reasoning or sound legal knowledge. Any corroboration that the jury might need ought to have been in the evidence presented, and not in any external factors such as their knowledge of the world. In the case of Berrada, the judge referred to defence allegations which suggested that police had fabricated evidence as really monstrous and wicked. On Appeal, it was decidedly stated that in directing the jury, the judge has a duty to state matters impartially, clearly and logically and not inappropriately to inflate evidence to sarcastic and inappropriate comment. Similarly in R v. Marr, the judges dismissive attitude towards a large volume of character evidence had been held as grounds for having the conviction quashed. Although in the case of ODonnell, it was held that the judge should be allowed some leeway in commenting upon the evidence and in the case of Canny, it was held that a conviction will be in danger only when the judge crosses the line into blatant unfairness and apparent pro-prosecution bias. Applying the above cases to the present scenario, it is my opinion that the comments of the judge, during summing up, do clearly cro ss the line into blatant unfairness and prosecution bias as demonstrated in Canny. The judge could not be described as having been fair in his summing up, and if even allowed some lee way in commenting upon the summing up, his comments could not be described as harmless, but at best, were designed to perpetrate his politically minded agenda which showed a heavy disdain for political activists. However he failed to note that the bench is not the place to perpetrate such an agenda and that he has to remain neutral at all times during the course of the trial. The judge clearly did not achieve this level of fairness and as such the conviction of both Fred and Harry must be said to be unsafe and dangerous and warrants an immediate appeal. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1) Peter Murphy, Blackstones, Criminal Practice, 2007, Blackstone Press. 2) Roderick Munday, Evidence, 2005, Third edition, Oxford University Press 3) Ian Dennis, The Law of Evidence, 2003, Second Edition, Sweet Maxwell. 4) Adrian Keane, The Modern Law of Evidence, 2005, Sixth Edition, Lexis Nexis 5) Peter Hungerford-Welch, Criminal Litigation Sentencing, 2004, Sixth Edition, Routledge Cavendish.

How Feasible Is Long Term Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

It seems improbable that it will of all time be possible to build a fixed set of societal and economic agreements that would be for good sustainable in environmental and other footings, given that the universe itself alterations and evolves. Speciess develop, flourish and perish, the composing of the ambiance alterations, and the dynamically-interrelated web of relationships that constitutes the planetary ecology bit by bit transforms over clip, thereby altering the ecological parametric quantities within which the homo species has to run. The development of biological and ecological systems on this planet was and is a contingent and heuristic procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on How Feasible Is Long Term Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature Review The Earth is about four and a half billion old ages old, someplace between one one-fourth and one half of the age of the existence. It is the lone planet in the universe presently known to back up life. Life began on this planet about four billion old ages ago, so the narrative of life on Earth is merely a small shorter than that of the planet itself. ( Silvertown, 1990 ) The human species is of comparatively recent beginning. Worlds have existed for some 0.005 per cent of the clip during which there has been biological activity on the planet, a ratio about tantamount to one twenty-four hours in a 55 twelvemonth lifetime. The initial divergency from other apes occurred some 7 million old ages ago. The precursor Australopithecus lived from 7 to 2 million old ages ago. Homo Erectus evolved, via Homo Habilis, some 1.7 million old ages ago. Our immediate ascendants, Homo Sapiens, evolved from Homo Erectus perchance every bit small as 200,000 old ages ago. From about 100,000 old ages ago Homo Sapiens occupied parts of Africa, and the heater parts of Europe and Asia. It is non clear at what phase we became a cultural species. It has been suggested that there is grounds for cultural behavior from as far back as 60,000 or even 100,000 old ages ago. However, the earliest unambiguous grounds for sophisticated cultural behavior, including a engineering of tools and arms, entombment of the dead, birthrate worship, pictures, sculptures and so on day of the months from some 40,000 old ages ago, as modern adult male, Homo Sapiens Sapiens, spread across Europe and replaced Neanderthal Man ( now by and large considered to be a member of the species Homo Sapiens ) . Humans reached Australia some 35,000 old ages ago, North America possibly 20,000 old ages ago, and had spread across most of the ice-free universe by the terminal of the last ice age, some 15,000 to 12,000 old ages ago. The first domestication of workss and animate beings happened some 12,000 old ages ago, and there were farming communities in assorted parts of the universe by some 8,000 old ages ago ( Moore, 1992 ) . Some of these small towns grew into the first little metropoliss some 6,000 old ages ago. In comparing to the continuance of life on Earth, hence, modern-day human civilization is of really recent beginning. Human existences are destructing the biological diverseness of the planet with the heedlessly expansive moving ridges of a sovereign or a lunatic. The current extinction crisis is determining up as the worst in 65 million old ages. Unless ecological sustainability is valued along with economic development, the effects will be ruinous. More than 99 per cent of all species that of all time lived are nonextant. Speciess have really varied lifetimes, and while the bluish green algae have been here for approximately 3 billion old ages, the typical lifetime is really much shorter. The possible lifetime of the human species is unknown, but non infinite. However, premature extinction would be too bad. The alterations in the planetary ecology indicate that we need to go more cognizant of the effects of our actions, and to get down to pull off our personal businesss more consciously than has by and large been the instance in the yesteryear. This may intend that it will be necessary to germinate new political and economic constructions and decision-making mechanisms in order to react to these emerging planetary environmental demands. However, as indicated earlier, we may hold to make so from a place of comparative political and economic instability. This is likely to be a ambitious procedure. Many bing organizational, political, and economic constructs and constructions are likely now inappropriate and unhelpful. It is improbable that the necessary constructions for international coordination, for illustration, will be evolved without some grade of organizational and political transmutation. This in bend is improbable to go on without a parallel development of the cultural and psychological constructs on which political and economic constructions are finally based. This is why any analysis, to be equal, must include the relevant environmental, political, economic and socio-cultural factors. The sustainability of the human species can merely be defined, finally, at the degree of the interaction between the full composite of human systems and all straight implicated environmental systems. To understand sustainability therefore requires some apprehension of the behavior of systems in general and of homo and environmental systems in peculiar. There are a figure of definitions of sustainability presently in usage. There is some consensus that a passage to a sustainable manner of life agencies taking stairss to seek to cut down the hazard that environmental and related jobs will earnestly impact or endanger the human species at some future clip, and thereby to guarantee that future coevalss have a sensible chance of a worthwhile being. The inquiry of sustainability is, hence, one of enlightened opportunism. It requires happening ways in which the human species can populate on this planet indefinitely, without compromising its hereafter. All species interact, alteration, and co-evolve with their environment. The human species is no exclusion. We are sole, nevertheless, in our ability to modify consciously some elements of the form of our interaction with the environment. It is no longer possible, given the current extent of human activity, to avoid doing these direction determinations as to how we wish to interact with the planet. For illustration, a determination non to cull the Scots ruddy cervid, given that of import natural marauders no longer be, is now a direction determination, merely every bit much as a determination to cull the cervid. Every substitution of all determinations of this type has ecological effects. Similarly, a determination to ignore information on current planetary ecological tendencies is a direction determination, every bit much as is the determination to try to accomplish some peculiar human-ecological balance. While many would now hold that there is a demand to happen ways of life that are sustainable, the treatment to day of the month has yet to bring forth a cardinal account that spans the issues and provides a consistent ground and way for societal alteration. The writers believe that the best chance for an effectual response to the planetary crisis lies in developing an analysis that can offer both ; one that can both warrant and inform a long-run, incorporate and consistent scheme for alteration. Such an attack is somewhat unfamiliar in the UK. This is because Britain has a general philosophical ethos that is more empirical and musician than the mainland European rational tradition. Pragmatism and practicality are valued, abstract analysis is distrusted. This ethos underlies a state of affairs in which specific and concrete responses to jobs are valued ( as bespeaking pragmatism and practicality ) while more abstract assessments ( which might take to more cardinal and comprehensive solutions ) are frequently seen as being less utile. ( Spash and Clayton, 1995 ) The interaction between worlds and their environment can be thought of as traveling the planetal system along assorted axes at the same time. If this happens at a rate that exceeds the rate at which other systems can accommodate, that is, at a rate that exceeds the hold factor with which the stage infinite part that defines sustainability can travel to follow the point at which the planet is positioned in stage infinite, so these other systems will go nonextant. The species extinction rate therefore provides a partial step of the rate of motion through stage infinite. Global heating is likely to supply a figure of illustrations of this consequence. Vegetation distribution typically shifts some 200 kilometers towards the poles with each 1 A ; deg ; C rise in temperature. The forest migration rates at the terminal of the last glacial period were some 20 to 100 kilometers per century. However, the jutting rate of planetary heating will be possibly 100 times faster than the rate of warming at that clip. Many tree species will be unable to migrate at the necessary velocity, which will in bend affect a big figure of dependent species. Multi-dimensionality is present in the construct of ‘primary environmental attention ‘ ( PEC ) , which is obviously related to sustainable enlargement and has become far and broad bing among development administrations in their attempts to set sustainable development into public presentation. PEC is classified as ‘the diversified for development promotions in the synergistic part between economic, environmental and societal systems ‘ ( Holmberg and Sandbrook 1992:31 ) . Its ‘essential components ‘ are: Associating and fulfilling of indispensable needs-the economic end ; Safety and best usage of the environment-the environmental end ; And authorizing of groups and communities-the societal end. Environmental sustainability needs the saving of imperative maps. Each of these rules has related with it a sustainability theoretical account ( e.g. stable clime, sustainable crop, critical burden of pollution for an ecosystem, criterions of air or H2O quality to support human wellness ) and a figure of likely markers of environmental force per unit area ( e.g. discharges ) or environmental province ( e.g. concentration of pollutant ) to demo whether the criterion is at present being acted in conformity with with. Economic sustainability depends on the care of the capital stock. ( Daly, 1990, 1-6 ) Decision It seems improbable that it will of all time be possible to build a fixed set of societal and economic agreements that would be for good sustainable in environmental and other footings, given that the universe itself alterations and evolves. Speciess develop, flourish and perish, the composing of the ambiance alterations, and the dynamically-interrelated web of relationships that constitutes the planetary ecology bit by bit transforms over clip, thereby altering the ecological parametric quantities within which the homo species has to run. The development of biological and ecological systems on this planet was and is a contingent and heuristic procedure. It is improbable that the visual aspect of the human species, for illustration, was an inevitable result of the procedure of development, merely as the continued endurance of the human species is in no sense guaranteed. There have been a figure of points in the history of this planet at which events could likely hold taken a differen t bend, and at that place will likely be many more such points in future. It is impossible to extinguish all hazard in such a contingent procedure. It is likely more accurate, hence, to believe in footings of cut downing instead than extinguishing the overall hazard to which the human species might be exposed, and of cut downing the figure and impact of activities agreed to be unsustainable instead than taking for a definable province called sustainability. In order to make this, it will likely be necessary to command peculiar activities, by curtailing actions, for illustration, that place undue force per unit area on peculiarly sensitive or critical ecological maps. The key to accomplishing sustainable development, hence, is to understand and determine the interaction between complex adaptative natural systems and soft socio-economic systems in order to guarantee that we ever remain within our survival part at the intersection of the survival parts of all the systems on which we are dependent ( Bergstrom, 1990, 215-228 ) . Of class, the nature of this interaction between natural and socio-economic systems is itself invariably germinating, as species regenerate or become nonextant, resources are exhausted or new militias discovered, societal and economic systems expand and prostration and new engineerings are developed, disseminated and superseded. Thus both jobs and solutions are dynamic. How to cite How Feasible Is Long Term Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

The Color of Water and Malcolm free essay sample

Abraham Maslow’s theory of â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs† consists of 5 things humans need. From top to bottom, top being the more complex needs and the bottom the more basic needs is; Self-Actualization, esteem, love/belonging, safety, and physiological. Self-actualization is the level of need that pertains to what a person’s full potential is and realizing that potential. It is broken up as morality, spontaneity, and lack of prejudice. Based on the two texts I read, The Color of Water by James McBride and The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told by Alex Haley, I consider both James McBride and Malcolm X â€Å"self-actualized† men to a certain extent. James McBride is a â€Å"self-actualized† man to a certain extent because throughout his life he had a white Jewish mother and he never judged, hated, or feared her; he had nothing but love for her. Out of the 3 main things I believe that make someone â€Å"self-actualized† this expresses his lack of prejudice and that must have took a lot out of him to not judge her even though everywhere they went people would always stare as they saw his white mother with black children following her and calling his mother names such as â€Å"nigger lover†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Color of Water and Malcolm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason why I say Malcolm X is a â€Å"self-actualized† man to a certain extent is because in Chapter 2 of his autobiography, Mascot, Malcolm is sent to a reform school where he says something that gets stuck in my mind. He said â€Å"I don’t care how nice one is to you; the thing that you must always remember is that almost never does he really see you as he sees himself, as he sees his own kind. He may stand with you through thin, but not thick; when the chips are down, you’ll find that as fixed in him as his bone structure is sometimes subconscious conviction that he’s better than anybody black. Malcolm X isn’t directly saying it but from this you can tell he doesn’t hate white people but he does have a dislike for them. Prejudice is defined as an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason and based on this definition Malcolm X lacks prejudice because he didn’t just dislike white pe ople out of blue it took him years before he decided he disliked them. The next step in becoming â€Å"self-actualized† is spontaneity. Both Malcolm X and James McBride expressed spontaneity. In chapter 14 of The Color of Water, James is sent to stay with his sister Jack in Kentucky. James easily adapted to life in Kentucky, he would hang out with Jack’s husband and his friends on what they called the â€Å"Coner†. James became so comfortable in Kentucky that he got a job pumping gas. James says â€Å"†¦I stayed there three summers straight, always managing to get tossed from summer school in New York City just to get sent down there. † To me this shows that James was so spontaneous that not only did he adapt to life in Kentucky but he favored it over life in New York. In The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Malcolm also expresses his spontaneity when his mother breaks down from his father’s death and raising so many children by herself when he is sent to live at the Gohannas’ home. Then Malcolm is sent to a detention home for putting a thumbtack on his teacher’s chair. Malcolm says when his time to go to reform school came up â€Å"two or three times-it was always ignored†¦I was glad and grateful. I knew it was Mrs. Swerlin’s doing. I didn’t want to leave. This shows that even with being away from his mother and family Malcolm was happy and adapted so well to life at the detention home he felt he didn’t have a reason to leave. Another step in becoming â€Å"self-actualized† is morality. From what I’ve read in The Color of Water James lacks morality. In chapter 14 James admits to smoking weed and drinking. James said â€Å"My new friends and I shoplifted. We broke into cars. We snuck into nearby Conrail/Long Island Rail Road tracks and broke into freight cars, robbing them of bicycles, televisions sets and wine. James even admits to stealing purses even after his own mothers purse was stolen right in front of him and he says â€Å"I had no feelings. I had smothered them. † Without a doubt James had no morality, at least not in his teenage years. The reason why I keep referring to chapter 14 isn’t because it’s the only chapter I’ve read, but because I feel as though this is a very important chapter that gives you a clear view of what James was going through in his teenage years and how these events made him grow up into the man he is today. When Malcolm X was young he lacked morals like most of us. It wasn’t until Malcolm was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison when became a Muslim and adopted morals. In chapter 2 of Malcolm X’s autobiography Malcolm attempts to be a boxer but ends up getting beaten by the same white boy twice. Malcolm says â€Å"A lot of times in these later years since I became a Muslim, I’ve thought back to that fight and reflected that it was Allah’s work to stop me: I might have wound up punchy. This shows me that ever since Malcolm became a Muslim he no longer believed in physical violence. Supposedly there are six steps in becoming â€Å"self-actualized† I chose to focus on morality, lack of prejudice, and spontaneity because they stood out the most to me and seemed like excellent topics to focus on. The other steps are creativity, problem solving and acceptance of facts and both men have these accomplished these skills as well. When Malcolm finally went to school he was told by his teacher he could never be a lawyer and he accepted that because in those times it was rare for an African American to have a good job. Malcolm believed the only way to solve segregation was complete separation of the races, which I believe expresses his creativity as well as his problem solving skills. James on the other hand is creative because when he visited his mother’s home town he sat down in a restaurant and was able to imagine the town before the restaurant was there. James accepted that he had a white mother which shows his acceptance of facts and finally since James didn’t know much about his mother’s childhood he decided to visit her old neighborhood to learn more about his mother and family which shows his problem solving skills. The reason why I said James McBride and Malcolm X are â€Å"self-actualized† to a certain extent is because James lacks prejudice, has spontaneity, but lacks morality. Malcolm on the other hand is prejudice to certain extent, has spontaneity, and has morality.

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buy custom The Western Civilization essay Based on a faith to progress and expand global trade, 18th century was dominated by a philosophical movement that made use of reason to devalue the previous use of accepted doctrines and tradition. The movement was marked by rapid advances in European scientific, mathematic, philosophy and political thoughts. These massive changes of the 18th century shed light to the coming of a technological age and artistic advance. The movement ushered in the discovery age when there was massive rise of the global, European Empires. This was the enlightenment and the scientific revolution that has highly helped shape the modern world. There were factors that led to the occurrence of the massive changes in the 18th century. Spread of knowledge, ideas and information in scientific fields was a key to the revolution. New learned society emerged from the work of science. The new societies had scientists who had journals that enabled them to share ideas. Societies had the urge to get learned in order. The new societies appeared in Italy, France and England. They valued scientific research and committees were created to oversee the technological improvements for the industry. Scientific journals led to cooperation and educated the public who had an interest in the new science. The new science offered new techniques of exploiting resources with an aim of increasing average profit. Through scientific revolution, most followed traditions and doctrines were devalued. Contributions from individuals, sharing of ideas through scientific journals, and building on the other scientists efforts led to the emergence of the new scie nce and its basic principles. In the 18th century, there were innovations in art, music and literature. Opera and classical music rose during this period. The stories of the past centuries and the medieval romances contributed to the development of novel. Philosophers took the responsibilities of writing history, and they devalued claims of Gods role in history. The innovations resulted in a high culture of an artistic world dominated by educated and wealthy people. Increased food production was another factor that resulted to the massive changes. The target was to secure more farmland, increase the lands yield, healthy and more livestock and a favorable climate. Abandoning old open field system led to the increase in the amount of land being utilized. Lrger number of animals was maintained since the utilized lands provided winter fodder for the animals. Animals provided manure for fertilizing fields to produce higher yields. Meat from the numerous livestock increased in the diet of European. English led in the e fforts of adopting new techniques during the agricultural revolution of the eighteenth century. There was a need for credit expansion in the 18th century that fostered the establishment of banks. This was also contributed to the low amount of gold and silver supply from the 17th century. Banking offered paper currencies, allowed people to invest in colonial trading companies and offered loans at low interest rates. There was a need to embrace industrial revolution to exhibit growth in average income and population. Since most people were involved in agriculture in the past years, the average income and the population was limited by famine, weather, war and diseases. As a result to the changes and industrialization revolution, sanitation improved, canals and roads were built in Western Europe. Food transport improved, and it resulted to a population growth. The changes were fueled by a need to inflate profits and explode the population. High population provided labor in the textile industry. Britain and France produced and exported cloth. Machines were used in the industries dur ing the second half of the century. Need for reforms in politics led to a revolution from traditional forms of governments to a system that are evident even today. In French revolution, there was a push for voting by head where each delegate was entitled one vote. A new constitution governing the colony was drafted. To mark a triumph of liberty, there were attacks and capturing of royal armories. Political revolution resulted in a national convention composed of lawyers, professionals and those who owned properties. Big numbers of the deputies were people whose age were on average forty-five and included a handful of artisans. Due to the distrust to the king and his activities, the convention urged for the abolishment of the monarchy and establishment of a republic. Revolutionary army of unprecedented size was created that would function to protect the created republic from foreign enemies. Central government appointed committee that worked as agents to educate the republic on the war emergency measures. The new formed government also provided economic controls by establiishing a system of food price control and cloth supplies. The massive changes and revolutions resulted in the growth of nations and technology to a size that made countries try and take over other peoples countries. Conflicts erupted from the expansion of European Empire which resulted in the drawing up of borders as well as falling of some empires. The succession within the empire resulted to the division of the colonies, and this altered the European balance of power. Republicans attacked the kings monarchy due to mistrust in his activities. The colonies used the empires to improve their economic status as well as promote mercantilism. Rivalries in trade developed among the European powers and this caused strain. The greater empires had a conflict over fishing rights as well as a fur trade. The powers developed differences in the 18th century that led to the emergence of wars. An example is the Great Northern War. Revolutions led to the expansion of empires that later caused conflicts. The conflicts, which were as, a result of political problems, religious, demographic and economic crisis saw a wide spread fall in politics, economics and society. There was also some general crisis resulting from intellectual and religious changes. Several European powers fought in the War for Spanish succession. The wars and conflicts proved some empires to be greater than others. An example is the Great Northern War that saw the establishment of Russia as a greater power in Europe. French monarchy received criticism and lost its privileged status as the Third Estate marched towards liberty, equality and fraternity. This ultimately led to the rise of Napoleon who was a representative of the first military dictatorship. American and French revolutions were related. Both the colonies had a struggle against monarchial and aristocratic powers. This resulted in the creation of the greatest possible freedom. Despite both the revolutionary wars being relatively small, those conflicts and wars caused heavy economic losses in the colonies. The war strained the colonies, but they withstood the challenge. The revolutions resulted in a creation of newly independent United States while French revolution resulted in the overthrow of its monarchial government. This greatly impressed the people because of the ideal of freedom and democracy they experienced after the revolutions. Buy custom The Western Civilization essay

You Signed Up for a Conference †Now What

You Signed Up for a Conference – Now What You paid your conference fee and reserved your motel room. Now what? Youre finally going to a writers conference, but now that you think about it, you arent sure what to do once you get there. First, make sure this is a conference that suits your needs. If you are unpublished and seeking agents or publishers, then dont stick to a conference that focuses on craft, and vice versa. Make sure the majority of the classes fit your goals.Second, while youre researching this conference, dig deeper and research the teachers, agents, and so on. What about these people merits sticking them up in front of a class? If you see teachers that really havent published much, think twice. Anybody can teach. You want teachers who have published and performed, as well. Third, participate in at least one critique or pitch session. Unless you are green as a gourd and just dipping your toe in the water, you have a piece youve been working on. Toss it into the fray and see what feedback you get. They might rip it up, but thats okay. You show youve got guts and you walk away much more educated than you were before. Fourth, plan your agenda. Dont wait until you get there to decide what you want to attend. They publish that schedule ahead of time for a reason. Map out your days and evenings to include the questions you want to ask and the goals you hope to achieve. Get the most of your sessions. Fifth, meet at least one new person per session. Speak to those at your table or seated around you. Theres a wealth of networking opportunity available to you at a conference, and that networking might be the biggest plus you come home with. Â  Sixth, plan your clothes. Sounds like a woman thing, right? Wrong. Youll be sitting for long periods of time. You might have to trek up and down stairs or from one end of the motel to the other to make classes. Look sharp but make it comfy. Throw in a scarf, the boots, or those special pieces of jewelry. Give the person you meet something to remember you Seventh, pack your writing stuff to include: = two copies of your WIP (just in case) = business cards (dont say WRITER/AUTHOR on it and avoid Vistaprint templates) = notebook Youll not only take notes, but youll dabble on your WIP as these productive ideas come to you in class. Ive rewritten chapters in class before as the teacher led me to a new concept. = name tag Theyll give you one, but consider having a permanent, professional one made. I have two: one with a magnet and one with a pin, so that they can go on anything I wear. People remember tags, and if yours is unique, theyll remember you more. = one-sheets See this article on one-sheets. These are marvelous if you are pitching and speak volumes about your creativity and professionalism. https://fundsforwriters.com/something-to-remember-you- Before the last day, take a moment to go over your notes and goals and determine what youre lacking, then approach the teacher, writer or agent while you can. Walk up and ask the question. Thats why they are there, and what you paid for. You can do this, and you can do it better if you go prepared.

For or Against Governing Early Childhood Education through play by Jo Personal Statement

For or Against Governing Early Childhood Education through play by Jo AilWood - Personal Statement Example games, they acquire knowledge on how to control their emotions, and how to transform the large, mystifying world events into a little, controllable status. Play also enables children to improve on their social skills as they assign themselves certain responsibilities and resources. Despite the significance of play in early childhood learning processes, I believe there are some pitfalls to play that need to known to the learning fraternity. I think the significance of the circumstances under which a play is executed has not been anybody’s concern, even as more people continue to advocate for the governmentality of early childhood education through play. Current learning-based plays are only looked upon from the positive perspectives rather than from all sides to ascertain its real significance. Ailwood avers that play in early childhood education has been mired in more rhetoric than tangible results. In most cases, play has fallen short of equipping children with the required skills expected out of such activities (291). Childhood play has been found to be boring, and usually isolating for some children. Additionally, play has been largely entertaining, rather than enhancing the skills of the participants. Play also reduces the role of a teacher to merely keeping an eye on those engaging in bad games and maintaining the hygiene of children who take part in such activity. In light of the valorisation of play, brought about by divisions along social lines, play does not contribute to the unity and social diversity required in learning